8
Activity 4
Direction: Make your own concept map of the four
subsystems of the Earth (Atmosphere, Lithosphere,
Biosphere, Hydrosphere). Use a separate sheet of paper.
Note: Use the information below as your reference.
INFORMATION ABOUT EARTH’S FOUR
SUBSYSTEMS:
1. Definition of a System
A set of interconnected components that are interacting to form
a unified whole.
2. The Earth system is essentially a closed system. It receives
energy from the sun and returns some of
this energy to space.
3. Atmosphere.
A. The atmosphere is the thin gaseous layer that envelopes the
lithosphere.
B. The present atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen (N),
21% oxygen (O2), 0.9% argon,
and trace amount of other gases.
C. One of the most important processes by which the heat on
the Earth’s surface is redistributed
is through atmospheric circulation.
D. There is also a constant exchange of heat and moisture
between the atmosphere and the
hydrosphere through the hydrologic cycle.
4. Lithosphere.
A. The lithosphere includes the rocks of the crust and mantle,
the metallic liquid outer core, and
the solid metallic inner core.
B. Briefly discuss the Plate Tectonics as an important process
shaping the surface of the Earth.
The primary driving mechanism is the Earth’s internal heat,
such as that in mantle convection.
5. Biosphere.
A. The biosphere is the set of all life forms on Earth.
B. It covers all ecosystems—from the soil to the rainforest,
from mangroves to coral reefs, and
from the plankton-rich ocean surface to the deep sea.
C. For the majority of life on Earth, the base of the food chain
comprises photosynthetic
organisms. During photosynthesis, CO2 is sequestered from the
atmosphere, while oxygen is
released as a byproduct. The biosphere is a CO2 sink, and
therefore, an important part of the
carbon cycle.
D. Sunlight is not necessary for life.
6. Hydrosphere.
A. About 70% of the Earth is covered with liquid water
(hydrosphere) and much of it is in the form
of ocean water.
B. Only 3% of Earth’s water is fresh: two-thirds are in the form
of ice, and the remaining one-third
is present in streams, lakes, and groundwater.
C. The oceans are important sinks for CO2 through direct
exchange with the atmosphere and
indirectly through the weathering of rocks.
D. Heat is absorbed and redistributed on the surface of the Earth
through ocean circulation.
Activity 5
Direction: Cite at least five function or importance of the
four subsystems of the earth.
1
st Quarter Week 1- (Identify common rock – forming
minerals using their physical and chemical properties.)
Using Characteristics of Minerals to Identify Them Most
minerals can be characterized and classified by their unique
physical properties: hardness, luster, color, streak, specific
gravity, cleavage, fracture, and tenacity.
1. Hardness
The ability to resist being scratched—or hardness—is one of
the most useful properties for identifying minerals. Hardness is
determined by the ability of one mineral to scratch another.
Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, produced a hardness
scale (table 5) using a set of ten standard minerals. The scale
arranges the minerals in order of increasing hardness. Each
higher-numbered (harder) mineral will scratch any mineral with
a lower number (softer).
A rough measure of mineral hardness can be made by
assembling a kit of handy objects (table 6). A fingernail has a
hardness ranging from 2 to 2.5, a penny is a little harder than 3,
window glass ranges from 5.5 to approximately 6 in hardness,
and a knife blade is generally in the range of 5 to 6.5.
Luster
Luster is how a mineral reflects light. The terms metallic and
nonmetallic describe the basic types of luster. Table 7 lists the
most common terms used to describe luster and an example of
a corresponding mineral. Some minerals that don’t exhibit luster
are referred to as “earthy,” “chalky,” or “dull.”
Color
One of the most obvious properties of a mineral is color. Color
should be considered when identifying a mineral, but should
never be used as the major identifying characteristic.
Streak
Streak is the color of the powdered mineral, which is usually
more useful for identification than the color of the whole
mineral sample. Rubbing the mineral on a streak plate will
produce a streak. A streak plate can be made from the unglazed
back side of a white porcelain bathroom or kitchen tile. Some
minerals won’t streak because they are harder than the streak
plate.
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio between the mass (weight) of a
mineral and the mass (weight) of an equal volume of water. A
mineral’s specific gravity (SG) can be determined by dividing
Answer:
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